Influence Of Gangs On Adolescents - 2333 Words

Influence of Gangs on Adolescents in America Madison M. Prettyman California State University, Fresno Criminology 120- January 1, 201 Abstract This paper discusses and analyzes three different films, Crips and Bloods, A Better Life, and Gran Torino. The films each explore the social settings of three distinct minority groups; the paper notes and describes several similarities among the groups. These include widespread poverty, discrimination from the dominant social order, and the lack of availability of normal social opportunities. The General Theory of Crime is examined and used to explain why these minority adolescents act out the way they do. This analysis is an attempt to find the reasons for why individuals choose to get involved in criminal activity instead of â€Å"living above the influence.† Finally, the paper explores potential methods to provide the support necessary for keeping juveniles away from this criminal involvement. Involvement in gang activity and juvenile delinquency is a widespread concern in the United States. Much of the time, those involved are a part of a racial minority group. This paper explores three distinct minority groups – African Americans, Hispanics, and Hmong – in an attempt to conclude why and how these individuals choose to pursue violent gang activities. Crips and Bloods, A Better Life, and Gran Torino are three films that each do an outstanding job in describing some of the causes of adolescent involvement in criminalShow MoreRelatedWhat Causes Deviance And What Is The Definition Of Deviance859 Words   |  4 PagesIn the field of sociology there are various competing theories that attempt to determine what causes deviance and what is the definition of deviance. In an effort to explain why gang membership exists in today’s society, there is one theory that stands out from the rest: Sutherland’s differential association. Sutherland’s diffe rential association theory explains deviant behavior as something that is â€Å"learned through associations† rather than solely based upon the community that one is fostered inRead MoreYouth Gang Membership And It s Implication Adolescent Development Essay1566 Words   |  7 PagesThere are over 700,000 adolescents who are involved in youth gangs. (Thomas). America has a youth gang culture that is present in its society. This paper will focus on youth gang membership and it’s implication to adolescent development. First to be discussed will be the demographics of adolescents involved in gangs. Then the reasons why youth join gangs and how it is related to their natural development. Next, we will turn to contemplate the implication of gang culture and involvement in America’sRead MoreYouth Gangs In Canada886 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ Youth gangs in Canada is becoming more and more of issue. Adolescents across Canada resort to joining youth gangs for many different reasons. A youth gang is a group of young adolescents who use intimidation and violence to gain prestige among other gangs and control certain areas of unlawful activities. For all the reasons an adolescent would join a youth gang, police and the Government have come up with programs to prevent youth from joining and to get them to leave the gangs. With programsRead MoreGang Violence : A Serious Problem1561 Words   |  7 PagesGang violence is a serious problem in America today, and it is also prevalent in the other countries in the world. â€Å"According to a national gang survey, the most recent estimate indicates that there were about 760,000 gang members in 24,000 gangs in the United States in 2004† this just supports the statement that it is a huge problem in the United States (Cooper, 2009, p. 1). Unfortunately, the Youth of America and these other countries have been a large demographic of these gangs for many yearsRead MorePolicing The Lives Of Black And Latino Boys1348 Words   |  6 Pagesdecided to shadow and interview black and Latino adolescence males from poverty and lower-class neighborhoods to tell their stories and experiences of criminalization as targeted minority groups. Rios had grown up in the ghetto of Oakland, was a former gang affiliated member, had been in and out of the juvenile systems, and was labeled a delinquent by many of his peers growing up. Unlike many, Rios overcame the criminalization, victimization, brutality, and negativity that society uses to control andRead MoreThe Gang Activity Within Our Community Essay1443 Words   |  6 PagesThis paper discusses the gang activities in Grenville, NC. There are three main topics th at include; 1) the history of gang activity. 2) Gang activity in today’s society. 3) Ways to eradicate gang activity within our community. To start what is the true definition of a gang and what is there purpose? A gang is an organized group of either friends or family with identifiable leadership claiming control over a community or territory. Gangs are driven by money, power, and opportunities to victimizeRead MoreTeen Delinquency And Its Effects On Society963 Words   |  4 PagesMore and more adolescents are committing delinquent crimes. Delinquency can be seen as the direct result of negative affective states. Gangs are a group of youths who collectively engage in delinquent behavior. Peer groups can provide a lot of social and emotional support for anti-social activities. Peer relations, in all cultures have been linked to adolescent behavior choices including substance abuse and delinquency. Currently there are now more than eight hundred thousand gang members in theR ead MoreThe Incarceration Of Minority Youth883 Words   |  4 PagesThe increasing rate of imprisoned minority adolescent youth and young males in the criminal justice system. For this reason there needs to be interventions available to this population to create a change in society. †¢ The changing number of adolescent and youth minority prisoners : The incarceration of minority youth is at a high as well as the cost for the imprisonment of them in their states, many of their offenses are non-violent. There is a need for initiatives to be created to reduce the numbersRead MoreRisk Factors For Adolescent Drug Abuse1462 Words   |  6 Pages Body: Risk Factors for Adolescent Drug Abuse There are an abundance of risk factors that can relate to the contribution of drug abuse in adolescents. The primary risk factors can be divided into two main categories: social and emotional triggers. Social factors play an important role because during the adolescent years it can be an extremely emotional and physically tough time for teens to transition through. Adolescent phases are one of the biggest transitional stages in a person’s life becauseRead MoreLatino Community At Risk Youth Focus Group Of Forsyth County1130 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Unidos† Gang Prevention Welcome, to our Latino community at-risk youth focus group of Forsyth County, in North Carolina. Our mission of the â€Å"Unidos† Gang Prevention and Education Program is to lower gang involvement, violence, with providing education, knowledge, community and family involvement. This program will target Latino students from ages 11-17 that show involvement to be at risk of being a member or have affiliations with a street gang. However, all students are welcome. The program will

Week Memo Free Essays

Memo to Client In this memo one will Include a summary of the facts, Including the names, ages, educational background, and Income status for Mr.. And Mrs. We will write a custom essay sample on Week Memo or any similar topic only for you Order Now . Close and their two dependents. Loose CPA will also discuss two of the Close’s goals and concerns. This memo will also summarize the findings and key elements of the personal budget, balance sheet, and the statement of cash flow. Loose CPA will also make recommendations and support for improving the financial situation for the Close’s. Summary of Facts Clients- Ken and Tina Close are married with two children, Tyler (16) and Nikkei (14). Ken Is 42 years old disabled ex-factory worker with a high school education. Tina Is a 37 year old Event Planner with an Associates Degree in customer service. Although Ken is disabled he does receive disability benefits of $14,500 annually and Titan’s annual income is $32,500. Tyler is a Junior at BBS and works part-time at Culler’s with an annual income of $3,100. Nikkei is a freshman at BBS and is not employed. The family’s goals are to reduce credit card debt and to save for a vacation. The vernally biggest concerns are that their credit will suffer if they do not pay off the debt and that Tyler and Nikkei will both need vehicles soon. Key Items and Findings The balance sheet compiled for the Close’s shows total assets to be worth $188,250 and total liabilities at $115,320. 24. Ken and -rattans net worth $72,929. 76. The statement of cash flow compiled includes monthly income from Ken’s Social Security Disability and Titan’s net income from event planning for a total monthly income of $3,294. 16. The total cash outflows of $2629. 69 can be divided Into fixed expenses of $1475. 49 and variable expenses of $1 154. 20 for the month of February. The monthly inflows minus monthly outflows gives the Close’s a cash surplus of $664. 47 each month to divide up for emergencies, savings, and a family vacation. The monthly gadget show no variance for inflows but does show a small variance for outflows. The savings variance was ($4. 53), the fixed expense variance was zero, and the variable expense variance was $6. 23. Thus giving a total outflow variance of $1. 70. Loose CPA recommends that Mr.. And Mrs.. Close try to limit the amount spent on credit cards in the future and for the balance due on the current credit cards to be paid in an amount higher than the monthly minimum due in order to pay the cards off faster and reduce interest charges. How to cite Week Memo, Papers

Cyber Security Awareness and Programs †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Cyber Security Awareness and Programs. Answer: Introduction: Learning Experience can be referred to as the program, some formal interaction or educational courses which occurs in either classrooms or other learning places like outdoor environments. An effective learning experience can help to provide memorable and key educational experiences that will be of much help to the postsecondary and adult learners (Araujo et al. 2015). Learning experience successfully address the challenges that are faced by the adult learners. Being an avid learner I have identified some of the benefits of learning experience, they are; Designing a purposeful journey- Learning experience helps a student to walk in the right path. There are many people like me who undertake the learning courses. Thus we should ensure that we have a deep understanding about the path that has been set out for us. The understanding of the following layout helps us to understand the lesson and helps us to respond positively to every such circumstance that are being faced by us. Directly link learning goals to activities- The goals of life can be directly linked to the learning experience. Such an experience can be of real help for our practical lives. Addressing the gaps of understanding and building upon the existing understandings- The gaps in understanding can be effectively tackled as because learning experience enhances both the practical as well as the theoretical knowledge. Thus any gaps in any such forms can be substituted by the other one (Dua and Du 2016). Provide real world simulations- Real world simulations help us to easily address real situations easily and effectively. The learning experience helps us to gain the vital simulations that will help to gather a detailed idea on the real situations. Future Needs- Preparing us for the future is one of the key task of the learning experience. The lessons learnt from the experience will help us to gain a sustainable and secured life and will also help to gain practical knowledge of the outside world. Life Lessons- Life Lessons can be of real help to find out the actual meaning and purpose of life. Getting a secured job and a proper education can be achieved only through life lessons which we achieve through proper education. The learning experience is of great help for us as it helps us to face the most difficult situation of our life. Value of the Learning Experience Values that are present have the specifications where there is the presence of the learning experience (Araujo et al. 2015). I have used definitions of instructional designs and decided to explore the role of values of learning experience. The learning experience about cyber security has been of great value to me as because it has helped me to gain key ideas related to cyber security. Course- Course program helps to provide a practical and real knowledge. The course design and the different course schedules and other related documents will help me to gather the knowledge easily. This will help me to implement the different knowledge in the practical field easily. In the cyber security course I managed to learn a great deal about cyber security, the threats to the security, the different softwares that can prevent the rise of cyber attacks and many more as such (Bada and Sasse 2014). Program- The learning program helps me to get hold of the theoretical knowledge about the different elements related to the learning process. The cyber security program helped me to learn about different types of elements related to securing the computer systems. I have learned on how to make a separate secured gateway for the computers and have also learned different things related to cyber security and its uses (Dua and Du 2016). Future Career- Learning process is one of the key elements that will decide my future or the path which will be chosen by me to walk forward. Globalization has transformed the world into a computerized and automated zone (Bada and Sasse 2014). The more a person has the knowledge about computers, the more he will be able to sustain with the modern forms of technology. Life generally- Apart from the knowledge acquired from the learning knowledge the moral knowledge will help me to face any challenging situations in my life. As mentioned earlier nowadays computer technology forms an integral part of our life thus it is very much important to apply the learning knowledge in the practical life to get rid of different situations easily. Transferring of Knowledge in the future I will have to transfer the learning knowledge in the future to make myself fit in the modern world (Valacich et al. 2015). I have decided to concentrate on some of the basic elements while applying the knowledge in the future, they are; Focusing on the relevance of what I will be learning Taking my time for self explanation and Using a Variety of Learning Media Learning Knowledge refers to acquiring the knowledge and skills to change ones personal behavior. Different people have to learn some skills or the other to make sure that they are experts in their own field (Buczak and Guven 2016). I have personally specialized in cyber security. I started my learning process after I completed my college education. I had a special liking for the computers since a long time back. So I decided to choose cyber security course as my learning process (Dua and Du 2016). I have read all the things related to hardware and have performed all the things that are needed to be a cyber security expert. Evaluation of the Learning Knowledge Business research was useful for my business learning process as I was able to analyze my strengths and weakness and help me to improve on the same (Dua and Du 2016). Learning helps me to find a purpose and helps me to gather ample experience to face the real life situations (Arends 2014). Some of the uses of learning Experience are; Deep Understanding Improved Problem Solving Increase in the positive emotions Access to a large number of information Getting rid of tough situations Making wise decisions Sustaining different problems in life Use of Business Research in the Learning Process The use of Business Research in understanding the competitors are large in number and have a huge scope. They are; The research in the learning process helps to identify the competitors of the business It helps to have a clear idea about the type of customers to be dealt with by the business entity The organization can easily perform an analysis of the strengths and weakness of the companies It is utmost important to study the target customers of the business entity. This helps the organization to have one of the best competitive advantages in the market The research also helps to formulate new business ideas that are crucial to the success of the business The organizations also undertake research on the competitors business strategies and many more such different research that brings forth the different elements related to the competitor. This helps in fixing ones own strategy according to the marketing standards. Explanation of the Learning Process My learning process was overall a success as I came to know new things and learnt about different other things which was once unknown to me. Apart from the theoretical and practical knowledge my learning knowledge helped me to develop some characteristic mental skills that will play a significant role in my growth as a complete human being (Dua and Du 2016). There are also some problems with the learning process a s improper knowledge can hamper my future and destroy my career. Apart from this the time provided to the learning knowledge will turn out to be a total wastage of time. Therefore before getting admitted to a new course everyone must be well aware of every minute details of the course and the necessity of the course in his life. Conclusions The detailed analysis of the study has been very much helpful to evaluate about the meaning and components of the learning process. Therefore it can be concluded that the researcher has been able to meet the necessary aims and objectives of the following research. The transparent picture of the learning process has been helpful because it has helped to gain a clear knowledge about the usefulness of the process and its acceptability at every levels of human life. The learning plan can be applied in phases and in a systematic and proper manner, The steps are as follows; Selecting the target audience and implementing the plan Proper Planning Taking the confidence of the targeted group of people and finally Implementing and Integrating the plan in the business organization References Araujo, F., Shapouri, M., Pandey, S. and Hamlen, K., 2015, August. Experiences with honey-patching in active cyber security education. InProceedings of the 8th Workshop on Cyber Security Experimentation and Test (CSET). Arends, R., 2014.Learning to teach. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Bada, M. and Sasse, A., 2014. Cyber Security Awareness Campaigns: Why do they fail to change behaviour?. Buczak, A.L. and Guven, E., 2016. A survey of data mining and machine learning methods for cyber security intrusion detection.IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials,18(2), pp.1153-1176. Dua, S. and Du, X., 2016.Data mining and machine learning in cybersecurity. CRC press. Jones, R.M., OGrady, R., Nicholson, D., Hoffman, R., Bunch, L., Bradshaw, J. and Bolton, A., 2015. Modeling and integrating cognitive agents within the emerging cyber domain. InProceedings of the Interservice/Industry Training, Simulation, and Education Conference (I/ITSEC)(Vol. 20). Kolb, D.A., 2014.Experiential learning: Experience as the source of learning and development. FT press. Korpela, K., 2015. Improving cyber security awareness and training programs with data analytics.Information Security Journal: A Global Perspective,24(1-3), pp.72-77. Korpela, K., 2015. Improving cyber security awareness and training programs with data analytics.Information Security Journal: A Global Perspective,24(1-3), pp.72-77. Oltramari, A., Ben-Asher, N., Cranor, L., Bauer, L. and Christin, N., 2014, October. General requirements of a hybrid-modeling framework for cyber security. InMilitary Communications Conference (MILCOM), 2014 IEEE(pp. 129-135). IEEE. Trigwell, K., Ashwin, P. and Millan, E.S., 2013. Evoked prior learning experience and approach to learning as predictors of academic achievement.British Journal of Educational Psychology,83(3), pp.363-378. Valacich, J.S., George, J.F. and Hoffer, J.A., 2015.Essentials of systems analysis and design. Pearson Education.

Julius Caesar Essays (861 words) - Julius Caesar, Iulii, Cleopatra

Julius Caesar The era of Julius Caesar was a time when many people's feelings toward the government began to change. This was one of the first times in Roman history when people began to question the power of their ruler. In the play, The Tragedy of Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare, we see a brief picture of this Roman life during the time of the First Triumvirate. In this snap shot, many unfortunate things occur as a result of these strong feelings towards the government of that time. Shakespeare gives us the idea that many people try to circumvent what the future holds, such as unfortunate things, by being superstitious. Superstition seems to play a role in the basic daily life of most Roman citizens, and exists as an important, deciding factor in the events and outcome of the play itself. The setting of the first scene of the play is based upon superstition. The Feast of Lupercal is in honor of the god Pan, the queen of fertility. During this time, infertile females are supposed to be able to procreate, and fertile ones are supposed to be able to bear more. It is also a supposed time of sexual glorification and happiness. Other scenes depict how mysterious sooth-sayers, who are supposedly given the power to predict the future, roam the streets of Rome. Dictating what is to come through terse tidbits, these people may also be looked upon as superstitious. In the opening scene, one sooth-sayer, old in his years, warns Caesar to "Beware the Ides of March," an admonition of Caesar's impending death. Although sooth-sayers are looked upon by many as insane, out of touch lower classmen, a good deal of them, obviously including the sayer Caesar encountered, are indeed right on the mark. Since they lack any formal office or shop, and they predict forthcomings without fee, one can see quite easily why citizens would distrust their predictions. Superstition, in general elements such as the Feast of Lupercal, as well as on a personal level such as with the sooth-sayers, is an important factor in determining the events and the outcome of The Tragedy of Julius Caesar, and a significant force throughout the entire course of the play. Before the play fully unravels, we see other signs of Caesar's tragic end. Aside from the sooth-sayer's warning, we see another sign during Caesar's visit with the Augerers, the latter day "psychics". They find "No heart in the beast", which they interpret as advice to Caesar that he should remain at home. Caesar brushes it off and thinks of it as a rebuke from the gods, meaning that he is a coward if he does not go out, and so he dismisses the wise advice as hearsay. However, the next morning, his wife Calpurnia wakes up frightened due to a horrible nightmare. She tells Caesar of a battle breaking out in the heart of Rome, "Which drizzled blood upon the Capitol," with Caesar painfully dying, such that "...The heavens themselves blaze forth the death of princes." Although Caesar realizes Calpurnia is truly concerned about his well being, he seeks another interpretation, coming to the conclusion that the person who imagines the dream may not be the wisest one to interpret it's meaning. Later Caesar tells his faithful companion Decius about it, and he interprets it quite the contrary, "That it was a vision fair and fortunate," and indeed, today is an ideal day to go out, since this is the day "To give a crown to mighty Caesar." Perhaps Decius is implying here that today is a day where much appreciation and appraisal will be given to Caesar, surely not the endangerment of his well being as Calpurnia interprets it. Caesar predictably agrees with him, as most citizens enjoy believing the more positive of two interpretations. After Caesar's assassination at the hand of Brutus, Cassius, and the rest of the conspirators, Brutus and Cassius are chased into the countryside, where we see a few superstitious signs of their forthcoming painful death in battle. In a dream, Brutus sees Caesar's "ghost", interpreted as an omen of his defeat. He also looks upon the ensign, and instead of the usual stock of eagles, ravens and kites replace them, construed as another sign of their loss at Phillipi. Not surprisingly, Caesar's death is avenged in the end, with two of the conspirators, Titanius and Brutus' double suicide. The play, The Tragedy of Julius Caesar, by William Shakespeare, clearly reveals how important superstition was to the people of Rome at the time of

Summaries of Peer Review Essay Sample

Summaries of Peer Review Essay SampleIf you are asked to complete a summary of peer review essay, this is the first thing that you should do. There are several key reasons why this is a must. One, you will be required to summarize the essay before the final date of submission. The other reason is that you will be asked to give the referee's the summary of peer review essay prior to their review.The short version basically tells the referees what you have to say. Your goal is to present your thesis in the most concise way possible, with as little or as much information as possible. Your referees will need a lot of information in order to assess your thesis.An important function of the summary is to determine if your summary is in a form that they can understand. In essence, you are trying to convince the referees that your paper is of high quality and that it should be published. This is usually done by showing the referees how much information you have provided and presenting evidenc e of your argument.A summary of the essay is not a quick checker sheet for the referees. It's an opportunity to do justice to your idea. It allows you to explain the academic rigor of your paper while also showing your understanding of both its style and content.A summary of the essay is also very important because you want to convey information as succinctly as possible. For that reason, you should not present any complicated ideas. You should simply present your viewpoint and make the referees understand what you have to say. If your referees think you are a weak writer, then they will also find your idea as less worthy.A summary of the essay sample is very different from a traditional abstract. That is because the referees are not evaluating the scholarship you have to write. Instead, they are assessing the thesis statement you have submitted. They are not reviewing your work, but they are looking at how much you have to say.If you think that you have to worry about being able to put all the necessary information in a formal paper, then you should never try to do so. In fact, it is best to do your best to avoid having to write anything formal at all. Writing it by hand will help you avoid repeating yourself and help you leave out any unnecessary words. Because of the short format, your thesis will look more polished and convincing when it is in your hand.

marketing essay on Competitive Intelligence The WritePass Journal

Professional HR/marketing essay on Competitive Intelligence Introduction Professional HR/marketing essay on Competitive Intelligence IntroductionResearch Objectives and RationaleLiterature ReviewResearch MethodologyResearch TypeResearch ParadigmResearch ApproachResearch Nature Hypothetical QuestionResearch DesignResearch TechniquesSampling StrategyResearch TimeframeEthical IssuesConclusionReferencesRelated    Introduction This paper is set in order to demonstrate the research proposal on the subject of the role of line managers in reward in the context of human resource management. The main covered areas will include the presentation of research objectives and rationale, brief critical investigation of the recent studies and research methodology. The ethical issues are going to be demonstrated at the end of the research proposal. Research Objectives and Rationale Recent research demonstrates that the role of line managers in the implementation of reward programs is neglected in most of the cases. This, in turn, negatively affects the general process of reward program integration. For instance, a survey, which has been done on 1300 organizations in 80 countries, has demonstrated that only 30 % of these organizations have reported a successful implementation of reward program (Stark and McMullen, 2008). It has been further presented in the research that HR executives tend to design the reward programs whereas the line managers tend to integrate those. The research, however, fails to provide an in-depth perspective on the subject of the involvement of both line managers and HR executives (Armstrong and Bowen, 1998).   Therefore, it is important to provide the extensive perspective on the subject of the role of line managers in the implementation of rewarding programs. This will contribute to the academic body of research in the human resource subject area. Additionally, it will allow human resource management to identify the main problems with their reward strategies; thus altering the strategies in order to acquire a success in delivery of reward programs. As a result, given the concept of the study, the main research objectives are: To explore the concept of rewards and general role of HR representatives in it To investigate the level of line managers’ involvement in the rewarding process in the context of HR management To identify and explore the elements of the most successful and effective rewarding strategy Literature Review This section is designed in order to deliver a brief critical investigation of key theoretical concepts on the subject of line managers involvement in the development and implementation of reward programs. The main sub-themes will include identification and exploration of human resource function in the development of reward programs, investigation of performance management and identification of the most effective method of reward in the context of line managers’ involvement. Reward and Reward System The reward systems have been integrated within HRM only recently. These have been designed in order to provide the monetary value to those employees who have added value to the organization. This concept is directly interlinked with the development of career and increase in motivation (Thorpe and Homan, 2000). Secord, (2003, p. 403) states that reward management is associated with â€Å"designing, implementing, maintaining and communicating reward processes†. These processes, in turn, shape the level of monetary payment for value-adding activities, performed by employees. HR Role and Function in Reward In general, there is little evidence in HR’s delivery of the actual value to the company. Assessment on 54 organizations, located in the USA, has demonstrated that the majority of companies has not assessed HR department due to the lack of value, delivered by this sector (Ramlall, 2002). It has been further estimated that some companies do not have any specific rating system to measure the performance of HR department (Becker, Huselid, and Ulrich, 2001). One of the key functions of HR is related to the design of reward system. However, this function has been ignored in the recent studies. CIPD (2006) has done a survey in the organizations on the subject of the role of HR representatives in the reward systems. It has been estimated that front-line management plays a much more significant role in the integration of the reward systems, contrary to HR specialists. HR duties are associated with a large number of aspects that should be taken into consideration in order to successfully fulfil the job. This implies that the HRM system should be visible, authoritarian, legitimate and understandable (Bowen and Ostroff, 2004). If these factors are not presented in front of employees, the strength of HRM system, as perceived by employees, decreases. HR representatives are important in design of reward system and performance management. Armstrong and Bowen, (1998) outline the personal characteristics of HR executives and their experience, as the important factors that are projected in design of reward and performance management systems. However, there is little contact between HR executives and employees, which develop the obstacles to actual integration of reward systems and performance management. This implies that HR executives are not able to actually see the performance of employees in order to base the decisions (Armstrong and Bowen, 1998). This increases the significance of line managers in relation to this task. Role of Line Managers in Reward Systems The studies suggest that the role of line managers in fulfilment of some of the HR functions has been increased over the time. Along with the transferring of supervisory duties to line managers, their people management duties have been enhanced as well (Hales, 2005). In the light of current line managers’ role in people management, the HR function and role are ignored and diminished. The research suggests that line managers are not qualified enough in order to fulfil these types of duties, namely reward systems integration. However, they are trusted by their subordinates as a result of cooperative work together. This is contrasted by the gap, which is developed on the basis of lack of time, willingness and qualifications in order to actually perform HR-related duties (Becker, Huselid, and Ulrich, 2001). It has been further added that for line managers it is easier to implement reward systems and performance management, since there has been a direct link found between the leadership style and motivation development (CIPD, 2007). This implies that line managers are more knowledgeable about their employees’ traits and level of job’s quality. Furthermore, the line managers are able to influence employee motivation development (CIPD, 2007). Performance Management Performance management is regarded to be crucial in effective management of organizational culture. It aims at the evaluation of employee’s attitude and behavior in relation to the job; thus contributing to the increase of the overall significance of performance management practices, as perceived by employees (Hannah and Iverson, 2004). Other scholars suggest that it is a leadership function, which contributes to the efficiency of performance management (Uhl-Bien et al., 2000). This corresponds to the ability to see the supervisor’s willingness to provide feedback and explain the goals of the organization, as the main factor that contributes to the increase of employee morale and therefore the company’s overall productivity (Smewing, 2001). This suggests that the employees are seen to be taken care of, therefore are more prone to commit to the organization over the long term. HR specialists are the ones that design performance management programs whereas line managers tend to realize those programs. However, the majority of line managers do not have sufficient tools in order to maintain a qualitative performance management (CIPD in ONREC, 2004). Additionally, it has been estimated that the concept of performance management has changed over time. This suggests that initially, this concept was integrated in order to address the issues of pay and the ability to achieve certain organization’s objectives (CIPD in ONREC, 2004). Currently, this concept has evolved into the talent management and the ability to recruit and retain the best employees on the market. Additionally, performance management has evolved into shifting away from the dogma that financial pay may be the only motivating force behind the performance (Armstrong and Baron, 1998). Large attention in the motivation-related research has been attributed to the significance of intrinsic and extr insic motivation. Intrinsic motivation suggest that the employee is motivated by the force of self-motivation. Extrinsic motivation suggests that the employees are motivated by the external factors, like the increase of pay (Speckbacher, 2003). It is stated in the same source that it is a challenging task to channel the intrinsic motivation, however, performance management is shifting to the integration of this dogma. The intrinsic motivation suggests that the employee receives satisfaction from the achievement of certain objectives. Therefore, this motivation eliminates the need to provide additional financial benefits in order to increase employee’s productivity. Additionally, already increased employee morale reduces the need for further integration of the additional practices, aimed at the increase of one’s productivity (Speckbacher, 2003). Research Methodology This section aims at the presentation of the main research methodology and its elements. This section is based on the integration of â€Å"research onion† framework, which implies a shift from presentation of â€Å"research method† to the description of â€Å"primary data instrument† through a variety of stages (Saunders et al., 2009). Research Type Due to the scope and subject of research,mixed research methodology is applied. This methodology suggests that the study will be conducted whilst integrating the elements of quantitative and qualitative research methods (Saunders et al., 2009).   This method is regarded to be associated with a high degree of costs, which is suitable, given the scope of the research (Ellin Datta in Greene, 2007). Research Paradigm Research paradigm has been selected to be positivism and interpretivism. Positivism philosophy suggests that the researcher incorporates value- free, objective perspective on the subject of the study. This requires minimum integration of the values and opinions that have been acquired throughout the lifetime (Saunders et al., 2009). Interpretivism on the other hand allows interpretation of the collected information into the narrative format. This is especially applicable to the qualitative interviews. One of the possible disadvantages that may emerge as a result of positivism application, that the researcher may integrate some lifetime values within data collection and analysis processes (Frauendorf, 2006). This might become an obstacle, due to the lack of critical research skills. Research Approach The research approach is proposed to be deductive, in order to benefit from the development of theory on the basis of evaluation of the elements of the acquired data (Thyer, 2010). Deductive research approach exercises the shift from more expanded towards more detailed in line with the subject theory and elements (Thyer, 2010). In other words deductive reasoning employs top down approach, where the conclusions are drawn on the basis of acquired findings.   Since this subject is regarded to be multi-dimensional, the analysis of smaller details, associated with the role of line managers in development and integration of reward systems, would be beneficial. Research Nature The research is proposed to be of explanatory character. The main aim of this type of research is to explore the causal relationships between dependent and independent variables. The ultimate purpose of this research is to explain the situation and predict the events (McNabb, 2008). The main question in relation to the explanatory research is attributed to – â€Å" Why this event has happened?†. Therefore, the main question in relation to this research would be – â€Å"Why the role of line managers is so significant and/or so insignificant?†. Hypothetical Question Qualitative Research Question: What is the role of line managers in reward system planning and integration as projected in real life time activities? Quantiative Research Hypothesis: Line managers have a direct positive affect on reward system integration Line manager have a direct positive impact on performance management activities Research Design The research design is chosen to be a multiple case study (Yin, 1993). This implies that two case studies will be developed in order to investigate the role of line managers in the development and integration of reward systems. One case will include the line managers; whereas another case will include the employees. This will allow data collection will allow the acquisition of data on the subject of insight on this subject, from line managers and subordinates, which would contribute to the development of the full picture on the subject of study. Multiple case study is known to be associated with the triangulation of data and research methods (Yin, 1993). It has been estimated that case study strategy is well applied to qualitative and quantitative methods, which will result in the achievement of research objectives (Yin, 1993). Research Techniques Along with the integration of mixed research methodology, questionnaires and semi-structured interviews have been selected to be applied as part of the primary data instrument design. Questionnaires will be distributed among employees, namely floor employees in the selected commercial companies. Semi-structured interviews are going to be targeted at the line managers in order to deliver a follow up on the acquired findings, by questionnaires. This will allow demonstration of the perspective of line manager involvement in reward systems integration from both perspectives. Questionnaires are beneficial since these allow collection of the data from a large sample, which is a primary research objective in relation to the employees’ study group (Saunders et al., 2009). Due to the specifics of the study, the questionnaires are going to be distributed via e-mails, in order to enable quick rate of responses. This is also associated with low degree of costs due to the utilization of th e interactive platform for questionnaires distribution (Saunders et al., 2009). Interviews, in turn, aim at the acquisition of an in-depth perspective on the subject. As a result, once the primary data from questionnaires is collected, the line managers will provide clarification of the causal relationships between the perspectives of employees about their involvement and their actual fulfilment of duties. The interviews will be heldon site, in order to ensure comfortable settings during   the interview. This would allow access to the opinions and views that are hidden deep inside one’s psychology. There is a large risk of bias opinion emergence due to the depth of the interview process and involvement of qualitative opinions, views and behaviours (Saunders et al., 2009). Additionally, the lack of research skills might result in the possible shift from the main subject; thus the inability to acquire valuable findings that would correspond with the research objectives. Primary data quantitative analysis is proposed to be maintained on the basis of SPSS processes integration and narration. Sampling Strategy Sample is a group of individuals with specific characteristics that have been selected in order to represent the whole population (Saunders et al., 2009). This research will be based on the incorporation of probability sampling strategy. This strategy suggests that all the individuals within the population have equal chances to be selected for the study. The main segmentation variable will be based on the occupation of study respondents (Saunders et al., 2009). This implies that for questionnaires, the sample will consist of floor employees and for interviews the sample will consist of line managers. The sub-sampling strategy is selected to be a stratified   random sampling. This implies that all the employees are considered for participating in the study whilst being grouped with regard to their occupation (Saunders et al., 2009). This correlates well with the cross-sectional research design. The sample size is proposed to be 150 floor employees and 10 line managers in one commerc ial organization, which is geographically limited to the UK. Research Timeframe The cross-sectional timeframe has been chosen to be applied in this study. This implies that the research will be conducted over a short period of time, in contrast to the specifics of longitudinal timeframe. This would ensure relatively quick observation of study participants whilst conducting questionnaires and interviews (Jackson, 2008). This would allow investigation of a sample where the members possess different characteristics. Ethical Issues Due to the incorporation of direct human contact as part of the research design, there are some ethical issues to address. First of all, the study will be based on the integration of confidentiality-related policies. This suggests that all the material, which is acquired as part of primary data collection, will be stored confidentially in order to avoid sharing to any other 3rd party, unless otherwise stated by the primary data owner. In addition to this, the questionnaires and interviews are going to be supplied with the introductory letter. This introductory letter is designed in order to acknowledge the study participants with study’s purpose, aims, terms and conditions. By accepting the terms and conditions of the research, the study participant agrees to participate in the process of research conduct. Both questionnaires and interviews are designed in order to address the race relations and equality of rights. Any study participant will have the opportunity to withdraw from any stage of research conduct process, whereas their data will not be utilized for the purposes of research. The study participants will have a right to stay anonymous, unless otherwise stated. All the expenses, namely research, transportation, communication and stationary are manageable by the researcher. Draft Timetable       1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Literature Review                            Design of Primary Data Instrument                            Pilot Study and Data collection                            Data Analysis                            Analysis and Discussion Chapters Completion                            Draft review by supervisor                            Amendments and Final Review                         Conclusion This paper was designed in order to demonstrate the proposal for the research on the subject of line managers involvement in reward systems integration and performance management. It has been estimated as part of the literature review, that line manager role is significant in the integration of both of these processes. It is mainly associated with the fact that they are able to see and engage in the actual performance management; thus being able to produce objective results in relation to reward systems, contrary to the HR department. It has been further estimated that employees tend to develop both intrinsic and extrinsic motivations, where intrinsic motivation is much more significant in channeling in order to acquire the benefits in relation to the financial performance of the company. As a result, the main objectives of research is to explore the level of involvement of line managers in the reward systems. This is proposed to be done by the means of mixed research methodology int egration. The primary data collection instrument consists of interviews and questionnaires that are distributed among 10 line managers and 150 floor employees in the commercial organization in the UK. References Armstrong M, Baron A (1998). Performance Management: The new realities. Institute of Personnel Development: London. Becker, B., Huselid, M., and Ulrich, D. (2001). The HR Scorecard: Linking People, Strategy, and Performance. Boston: Harvard Business School Press Bowen, D.E.,   Ostroff, C. (2004). Understanding HRM-firm performance linkages: The role of â€Å"Strength† of the HRM system. Academy of Management Review, 29, 203-221 CIPD. (2006). Rewarding Work: Vital Role of Line Managers. Available from: cipd.co.uk/NR/rdonlyres/72035864-98CD-495A-8CB9-96989B96E73C/0/vitalrolmgrca.pdf (Accessed on 10/12/12) Hales, C. (2005). Rooted in supervision, branching into management: continuity and change in the role of first-line manager. Journal of Management Studies, 42: 3, 471–506. Hannah, D. and Iverson, R. (2004). Employment relationships in context: implications for policy and practice, in J. Coyle-Shapiro, L. Shore, S. Taylor and L. Tetrick (eds). The Employment Relationship: Examining Psychological and Contextual Perspectives. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 332–350. Jackson S. (2008). Research Methods and Statistics: A Critical Thinking Approach. 3rd ed. Cengage: USA McNabb D. (2008). Research Methods in Public Administration and Nonprofit Management. 2nd ed., Sharpe: USA Ramlall, S. (2002). A Critical Review of the Role of Training Development in Increasing Performance. Journal of Compensation and   Benefits, 18, 5, 12-17 Saunders M., Lewis P. (2009). Research Methods for Business Students. 5th ed., Pearson Education: UK. Secord H. (2003). Implementing Best Practices in Human Resources Management. CCH: Canada Speckbacher, G. (2003). The Economics of Performance Management in Nonprofit Organizations. Nonprofit Management Leadership, 13, 3, 267-281. Stark M., MacMullen T. (2008). When considering effective reward-program implementation, too frequently the role of the line manager is neglected. WorldAtWork Journal, 2nd Quarter.   Thorpe R and Homan G. (2000). Strategic Reward Systems. London: Pearson Education Limited. Thyer B. (2010). The Handbook of Social Work Research Methods. 2nd ed., p 33, Sage Publications: UK ONREC. (2004). Line managers are key to good performance management. Available from: onrec.com/news/news-archive/line-managers-are-key-to-good-performance-management (Accessed on 10/12/12) Uhl-Bien, M., Graen, G. and Scandura, L. (2000). Indicators of leader–member exchange (LMX) for strategic human resource management systems. Research in Personnel and  Human Resources Management, 18: 137–185. Yin, R., (1994). Case study research: Design and methods. 2nd ed., CA: Sage Publishing.

Sample Responses to a College Deferral Letter

Sample Responses to a College Deferral Letter If you applied to college through an Early Action or Early Decision option, you may find that youve been neither accepted nor rejected, but deferred. Many applicants despair when their application for early admission ends up in this frustrating limbo for it feels much like a rejection. It is not, and you can take steps to improve your chances of getting admitted with the regular admission pool. One easy step is to write the college a response to your deferral letter. Key Takeaways: Responding to a College Deferral If you have new information that could strengthen your application, share it with the admissions folks. This can include improved test scores, a new award, or a new leadership position.Be positive: reaffirm your interest in the school, and dont let your anger and frustration at being deferred darken your letter. Be careful not to suggest the admissions folks made a mistake.As with all written parts of your applications, pay careful attention to grammar, punctuation, and style. Colleges want to admit students who write well. Always remember that if the college did not think you had the qualifications necessary to be admitted, you would have been rejected, not deferred. Essentially, the school is telling you that you have what it takes to get in, but they want to compare you to the full applicant pool. You simply didnt stand out quite enough to be admitted with the early applicant pool. By writing to a college after being deferred, you have the opportunity to both reaffirm your interest in the school and present any new information that might strengthen your application. So, dont panic if you received a letter of deferral after applying to college through  early decision  or  early action. Youre still in the game.  First, read through these  7 tips on what to do if deferred. Then, if you think you have meaningful new information to share with the college that has deferred your admission, write them a letter. Sometimes you can write a simple  letter of continued interest  even if you dont have new information to share, although some schools explicitly state that such letters are not necessary, and in some cases, not welcome (admissions offices are extremely busy in the winter). Sample Letter from a Deferred Student Below is a sample letter that would be appropriate if deferred. Caitlin has a significant new honor to report to her first choice college, so she certainly should make the school aware of the update to her application. Note that her letter is polite and concise. She doesnt express her frustration or anger; she doesnt try to convince the school that theyve made a mistake; instead, she reaffirms her interest in the school, presents the new information, and thanks the admissions officer. Dear Mr. Carlos, I am writing to inform you of an addition to my  University of Georgia  application. Although my admission for Early Action has been deferred, I am still very interested in UGA and would very much like to be admitted, and therefore I wish to keep you up to date on my activities and achievements. Earlier this month I participated in the Siemens Competition in Math, Science and Technology in New York City. My high school team was awarded a $10,000 scholarship for our research on graph theory. The judges consisted of a panel of scientists and mathematicians led by former astronaut Dr. Thomas Jones; the awards were presented at a ceremony on Dec. 7. Over two thousand students entered this competition, and I was extremely honored to be recognized alongside the other winners. More information on this competition can be found through the Siemens Foundation web site: siemens-foundation.org/en/. Thank you for your continued consideration of my application. Sincerely, Caitlin Anystudent Discussion of Caitlin's Letter Caitlins letter is simple and to the point. Given how busy the admissions office will be between December and March, short is important. It would reflect poor judgment if she were to write a lengthy letter to present a single piece of information. That said, Caitlin could strengthen her letter slightly with a few tweaks to her opening paragraph. Currently she states that she is still very interested in UGA and would very much like to be admitted. Since she applied Early Action, we can assume that UGA was among Caitlins top choice schools. If so, she should state this. Also, it doesnt hurt to briefly state why UGA is a top choice school. As an example, her opening paragraph could state something like this: Although my admission for Early Action has been deferred, UGA remains my top-choice university. I love the energy and spirit of the campus, and I was truly impressed by my visit to a sociology class last spring. I am writing to keep you up to date on my activities and achievements. A Second Sample Letter Dear Mr. Birney, Last week I learned that my application for early decision at Johns Hopkins was deferred. As you can imagine, this news was disappointing to me- Johns Hopkins remains the university Im most excited about attending. I visited a lot of schools during my college search, and  Johns Hopkinss program in International Studies appeared to be a perfect match for my interests and aspirations, and I loved the energy of the Homewood Campus. I want to thank you and your colleagues for the time you put into considering my application. After I applied for early decision, I received a couple more pieces of information that I hope will strengthen my application. First, I retook the SAT in November and my combined score went from 1330 to 1470. The College Board will be sending you an official score report soon. Also, I was recently elected to be the Captain of our school Ski Team, a group of 28 students who compete in regional competitions. As Captain, I will have a central role in the teams scheduling, publicity and fund raising. I have asked the teams coach to send you a supplemental letter of recommendation that will address my role within the Ski Team. Many thanks for your consideration, Laura Anystudent Discussion of Laura's Letter Laura has good reason to write to Johns Hopkins University. The 110 point improvement on her SAT scores is significant. If you look at this  graph of GPA-SAT-ACT data for admission to Hopkins, youll see that Lauras original 1330 was on the lower end of the accepted student range. Her new score of 1470 is nicely in the middle of the range. Lauras election as Captain of Ski Team may not be a game-changer on the admissions front, but it does show more evidence of her leadership skills. Especially if her application was originally light on leadership experiences, this new position will be significant. Finally, Lauras decision to have a supplemental  letter of recommendation  sent to Hopkins is a good choice, particularly if her coach can speak to abilities that Lauras other recommenders did not. Don't Make the Mistakes in This Letter The letter below illustrates what you should not do. Brian asks to have his application reconsidered, but he does not present any significant new information for reconsidering the decision. The increase in his GPA from a 3.3 to a 3.35 is fairly trivial. His newspaper has been nominated for an award, but it has not won the award. Moreover, Brian writes as if he has been rejected, not deferred. The university will look at his application again with the regular pool of applicants. The biggest problem  with the letter below, however, is that Brian comes across as a whiner, an egotist, and an ungenerous person. He clearly thinks very highly of himself, placing himself above his friend and making much ado about a modest 3.3 GPA. Does Brian really sound like the type of person the admissions officers will want to invite to join their campus community? To make matters worse, the third paragraph in Brians letter essentially accuses the admissions officers of making a mistake in admitting his friend and deferring him. The goal of Brians letter is to strengthen his chances of getting into college, but questioning the competence of the admissions folks works counter to that goal. To Whom It May Concern: I am writing in regards to my deferral for admission to Syracuse University for the fall semester. I received a letter earlier this week informing me that my admission had been deferred. I would like to urge you to reconsider me for admission. As you know from my previously submitted admissions materials, I am a very strong student with an outstanding academic record. Since I submitted my high school transcript in November, I have received another set of mid-year grades, and my GPA has gone up from a 3.3 to 3.35. In addition, the school newspaper, of which I am assistant editor, has been nominated for a regional award. Frankly, I am somewhat concerned about the status of my admission. I have a friend at a nearby high school who has been admitted to Syracuse through early admissions, yet I know that he has a somewhat lower GPA than mine and has not been involved in as many  extracurricular activities. Although he is a good student, and I certainly do not hold anything against him, I am confused about why he would be admitted while I have not been. Frankly, I think that I am a far stronger applicant. I would very much appreciate it if you could take another look at my application, and reconsider my admissions status. I believe I am an excellent student  and would have much to contribute to your university. Sincerely, Brian Anystudent A Final Word on Responding to a Deferral As with any communication with a college, youll want to pay careful attention tone, grammar, punctuation, and style. A sloppily-written letter is going to work against you, not strengthen your application. Finally, keep in mind that writing a letter when deferred is optional, and at many schools it wont improve your chances of being admitted. You should definitely write if you have compelling new information to present (dont write if your SAT score went up just 10 points- you dont want to look like youre grasping). And if the college doesnt say not to write a letter of continued interest, it can be worthwhile to do so.